解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::The intestine harbors an ecosystem composed of the intestinal mucosa and the commensal microbiota. The microbiota fosters development, aids digestion and protects host cells from pathogens - a function referred to as colonization resistance. Little is known about the molecular basis of colonization resistance and how ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.12.008
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A holistic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which stress influences the pathogenesis of infectious disease has resulted in the development of the field of microbial endocrinology. This transdisciplinary field represents the intersection of microbiology with mammalian endocrinology and neurophysiology, and i...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.11.005
更新日期:2008-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pantoea agglomerans has been transformed from a commensal bacterium associated with many plants into a host-specific gall-forming pathogen by acquiring a plasmid-borne pathogenicity island. This pathogenicity island harbors the hrp/hrc gene cluster, in addition to genes encoding type III effector proteins, biosynthesi...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.009
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of Bacillus anthracis virulence factors in its pathogenesis has been subjected to intense investigation with the aim of finding novel preventive and therapeutic protocols. Toxins that are endocytosed and act in the cytosol of host cells have a central role in B. anthracis infection. Understanding of anthrax t...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.003
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::If we took all of the single copy genes in all sequenced genomes, made phylogenetic trees from them individually, and then made the supertree of those trees, what would we get? Recently, David Pisani and colleagues did that experiment and their results are likely to spark much discussion. Their prokaryote tree looks v...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.09.001
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Corynebacterium glutamicum, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, is used for the production of l-glutamate and l-lysine, both of which are derived from intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Recent studies have revealed that this amphibolic pathway is subject to complex regulation not only at the transcriptio...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.08.004
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The endogenous circadian clock of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus controls many cellular processes and confers an adaptive advantage on this organism in a competitive environment. To be advantageous, this internal biological oscillator must be reset daily to remain in synchrony with its environment and to t...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.08.005
更新日期:2007-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::HIV-1 evades antibody-mediated neutralization in many cunning ways. The recent structural characterization of a conserved neutralization epitope on the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) provides clues to the vulnerabilities of the virus. We discuss these observations and explain their relevance for HIV-1 vaccine des...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.05.006
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::DNA damage that blocks the transcription of genes is prioritized for repair by transcription-coupled DNA repair pathways. RNA polymerases stalled at DNA lesions obstruct repair enzymes, but this situation is turned to the advantage of the cell by transcription-repair coupling factors that remove the stalled RNA polyme...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.05.005
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Type III secretion (T3S) is a mechanism that is central to the biology of the Chlamydiaceae and many other pathogens whose virulence depends on the translocation of toxic effector proteins to cytosolic targets within infected eukaryotic cells. Biomathematical simulations, using a previously described model of contact-...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.04.005
更新日期:2007-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Meningococcal infection remains a worldwide health problem, and understanding the mechanisms by which Neisseria meningitidis evades host innate and acquired immunity is crucial. The complement system is vital for protecting individuals against N. meningitidis. However, this pathogen has evolved several mechanisms to a...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.03.005
更新日期:2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The existence of a peptidoglycan cell wall in chlamydiae has been debated for several years. Several studies suggest that these organisms synthesize a cell wall, but some of the components and biosynthetic machinery seem to be missing and a bona fide cell wall has yet to be described. A recent study has revealed that ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.02.003
更新日期:2007-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition of bacterial asymmetry is not new: the first high-resolution microscopy studies revealed that bacteria come in a multitude of shapes and sometimes carry asymmetrically localized external structures such as flagella on the cell surface. Even so, the idea that bacteria could have an inherent overall pola...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.004
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although biologists have long recognized the importance of studying evolution to understand the organization of living organisms, only with the development of genomics have evolutionary studies become part of their routine toolkit. Placing genomes into an evolutionary framework has proved useful for understanding the ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2007.01.007
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungal growth, development and pathogenicity require hyphal tip growth, which is supported by polar exocytosis at the expanding growth region. It is assumed that molecular motors transport growth supplies along the fibrous elements of the cytoskeleton, such as microtubules, to the hyphal apex. Recent advances in live-...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.11.007
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are not yet commercialized but they show great promise as a method of water treatment and as power sources for environmental sensors. The power produced by these systems is currently limited, primarily by high internal (ohmic) resistance. However, improvements in the system architecture wil...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.10.003
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The bacterial flagellum is a complex self-assembling nanomachine that contains its own type III protein export apparatus. Upon completion of early flagellar structure, this apparatus switches substrate specificity to export late structural subunits, thereby coupling sequential flagellar gene expression with flagellar ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.10.006
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A new genetic locus mediating avirulence in the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans has been discovered. The Avr3b-Avr10-Avr11 locus is recognized by three different potato resistance genes, and is different from other Avr loci that have been identified thus far. This locus encodes a large protein with ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.004
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Defensins and cathelicidins are prevalent and essential gastrointestinal cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs). However, these defensive peptides are not infallible because certain enteropathogens can overcome their protective function. Furthermore, impaired defensin synthesis has been linked to the occurrence of Cro...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.08.008
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Strictly blood-feeding leeches and their limited microbiota provide natural and powerful model systems to examine symbiosis. Blood is devoid of essential nutrients and it is thought that symbiotic bacteria synthesize these for the host. In this review, three distinct leech-microbe associations are described: (i) the m...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.06.009
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two recent studies have provided the most complete screen for protein complexes in yeast to date, in which partners were identified for approximately half of the proteome. A comparison shows that these two datasets are complementary. In addition, one of the analyses points to a modular organization of the cellular pro...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.06.002
更新日期:2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The identification and quantification of the proteins that a whole organism expresses under certain conditions is a main focus of high-throughput proteomics. Advanced proteomics approaches generate new biologically relevant data and potent hypotheses. A practical report of what proteome studies can and cannot accompli...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.03.005
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Winogradsky discovered in 1890 that nitrification is carried out in two consecutive steps by two distinct groups of bacteria: ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. An explanation for this division of labour is offered based on the kinetic theory of optimal design of metabolic pathways, which postu...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.03.006
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial motility relies chiefly on the rotation of a molecular propeller, the flagellar filament, which is constructed from the protein flagellin. Here, flagellin sequence conservation and diversity is examined in the light of the recently determined flagellar filament structure. As expected, the surface-exposed dom...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.008
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent paper by Castilla et al. reported the detection of prions in the blood of scrapie-infected hamsters using a biochemical amplification method that is conceptually analogous to the polymerase chain reaction. This technological advance raises the possibility that prion diseases in humans and livestock could soon...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.001
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The term 'type III secretion' has seen widespread use. However, problems persist in nomenclature. We propose that the standard abbreviation for this kind of secretion should be 'T3S' and that 'type III secretion system' should be abbreviated to 'T3SS'. There is also a need for a new terminology to distinguish flagella...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.02.009
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quorum sensing is a process of bacterial cell-cell communication that uses small diffusible molecules to coordinate diverse behaviors in response to population density. The only quorum-sensing system shared by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria involves the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2). The AI-2 synthase L...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.003
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interbacterial communication can be mediated by soluble secreted factors and direct cell-cell contact. Recently, Aoki et al. identified a new contact-dependent communication pathway by which strains of uropathogenic Escherichia coli can inhibit the growth of other microbes within a mixed population. Two novel gene pro...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.003
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent availability of extensive metagenomic sequences from various environmental microbial communities has extended the postgenomic era to the field of environmental microbiology. Although still restricted to a small number of studies, metaproteomic investigations have revealed interesting aspects of functional g...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.006
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The existence of peptidoglycan (PG) in chlamydiae has long been debated. Genome sequencing of members of the Chlamydiaceae family and Protochlamydia amoebophila has uncovered a nearly complete pathway for PG synthesis in these organisms. The recent use of microarray and proteomic analysis methods has revealed that PG ...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.12.004
更新日期:2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many proteins are transported to the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans to be either integrated into the cell-wall structure or exported to the external medium. Secretion of many of these proteins through the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi pathway is driven by a canonical N-terminal s...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.11.009
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In Gram-negative bacteria, type II secretion (T2S) is one of five protein secretion systems that permit the export of proteins from within the bacterial cell to the extracellular milieu and/or into target host cells. An analysis of numerous sequenced genomes now reveals that T2S genes are common, but by no means unive...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.09.005
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are an estimated 10(31) viruses on Earth, most of which are phages that infect bacteria. Metagenomic analyses have shown that environmental viral communities are incredibly diverse. There are an estimated 5000 viral genotypes in 200 liters of seawater and possibly a million different viral genotypes in one kilog...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.04.003
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fungi are an important constituent of microbial endolithic assemblages in marine ecosystems. As euendoliths, they penetrate limestone, mollusk shells and other carbonate substrates, where they can exploit mineralized organic matter, attack their hosts, or engage in symbiotic relationships. They leave specific boring t...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.007
更新日期:2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent study has provided important clues towards the identity of the host genes that conspire to promote post-integration latency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Various genes controlling transcription, histone deacetylation and proteasome-mediated protein degradation have emerged as potential players. If th...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.02.006
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a facile and economical model host for the study of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and innate immunity. A rapidly growing number of human and animal microbial pathogens have been shown to injure and kill nematodes. In many cases, microbi...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2005.01.003
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health of tens of millions of people world-wide is at risk from drinking arsenic-contaminated well water. In most cases this arsenic occurs naturally within the sub-surface aquifers, rather than being derived from identifiable point sources of pollution. The mobilization of arsenic into the aqueous phase is the fi...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.12.002
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Modern medicine is facing the spread of biofilm-related infections. Bacterial biofilms are difficult to detect in routine diagnostics and are inherently tolerant to host defenses and antibiotic therapies. In addition, biofilms facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance by promoting horizontal gene transfer. We rev...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recognition of pathogenic bacteria by mammalian hosts is largely mediated by membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recently, a family of cytosolic proteins, termed NODs, with homology to plant disease-resistance gene products has been implicated in sensing microbes within the cytosol. The role of NOD family membe...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.001
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The spectacular ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to immortalize and morphologically transform human B cells in vitro to lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) is central to most molecular models of viral oncogenesis. However, binding of transcription factor and oncoprotein c-Myc to the major locus control region (LCR) of...
journal_title:Trends in microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.09.006
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00